Three Things to Know
Researchers investigated the characteristics of long-term shelter dogs (staying over one year) in Austria and explored potential stress-related behaviors and impaired human interactions in these dogs.
The study found that long-term shelter dogs were more likely to be older, larger, male, and belong to breeds classified as “dangerous.” They exhibited more aggressive and high-arousal behaviors, were less sociable and trainable, and were more motivated and energetic. Breed-specific legislation, with its requirements and negative stereotypes, poses a significant barrier to adoption.
Long-term shelter dogs were observed to display more stress indicators, such as resting more with their heads up, circling, and drinking more water during rest periods. This suggests that while their physical needs were met, the psychological well-being of long-term shelter dogs may be compromised.
The Full Picture
Animal shelters provide temporary housing for unwanted, abandoned, or stray animals. However, Austria’s no-kill policies can result in a population of long-term shelter dogs. Approximately one-third of dogs in Austrian shelters are considered difficult to rehome, yet limited research exists on how specific characteristics influence their extended stays.
In addition, shelter conditions, such as social and spatial restrictions, can induce chronic stress, manifested in repetitive behaviors, vocalizations, and other stress indicators. Long-term shelter dogs are particularly susceptible to welfare issues due to confinement and lack of environmental control.
This study, titled “Characteristics and Welfare of Long-Term Shelter Dogs,” was divided into two parts. First, it aims to identify the morphological and behavioral traits that distinguish long-term (over one year) from short-term (up to five months) shelter dogs. The study hypothesizes that long-term shelter dogs exhibit more severe problem behaviors and are rated lower in desirable personality traits.
The second objective is to assess the behavioral and welfare effects of long-term confinement. It hypothesizes that long-term dogs display higher levels of chronic stress and reduced welfare, evidenced by stress-related behaviors and impaired human interactions.
Study Methods
This study, conducted between June and August 2018, involved four animal shelters within a 100 km radius of Vienna. Two shelters were located in medium-sized Lower Austrian cities, and two were in Vienna. Data collection included shelter records, questionnaires, and behavioral assessments.
Part I: Characteristics and Behaviours of LT Dogs
Researchers gathered from shelter records for dogs housed in or entering/leaving the shelter within the past year (excluding owner returns). This included LT dogs (141) as well as rehomed ST dogs (1,111). The following data was noted:
- Age: Calculated based on birth and shelter entry/rehoming dates.
- Size: Categorized into seven groups (XXS to XXL) using recorded information or breed standards.
- Breed: Grouped into “purebred,” “mix,” and “dangerous breed” based on local legislation.
- Coat: Categorized by color and length, with missing data supplemented using breed standards or visual estimates.
- Sex and Neuter Status: Noted from shelter records or inferred from names.
- Relinquishment Mode: Classified as stray, owner-surrendered, confiscated, or born in the shelter.
In addition, behavioral problems and personality were also assessed in 24 matched pairs of LT and rehomed ST dogs. Shelter staff who interacted daily with the dogs completed questionnaires using the revised Monash Canine Personality Questionnaire (MCPQ-R).
Part II: Shelter Dog Welfare Assessment
To assess the welfare of shelter dogs, researchers used the Shelter Quality Protocol (SQP), focusing on their reactions to unfamiliar humans and their behavior during resting and pre-feeding periods. The study involved 20 matched pairs of long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) shelter dogs. Each pair was tested on the same day, with the order of testing randomized.
The testing process consisted of three main components:
- Unfamiliar Human Test: To assess dogs’ reactions to unfamiliar humans, researchers used a modified version of the unfamiliar human test and the SQP human reaction test. An investigator stood motionless two meters from the kennel, approached slowly, and held a hand near the door for five seconds. The dog’s response was noted. The investigator then kneeled and spoke to the dog, categorizing its behavior as “no signs,” “fear,” or “aggression.” No physical contact was made.
- SQP Assessment: Researchers recorded the SQP parameters, excluding metrics for coughing and abnormal behaviors.
- Behavioral Observations: Researchers video-recorded each pair of dogs for 20 minutes during pre-feeding and resting periods. To minimize stress, dogs were moved to outdoor enclosures during camera setup. The video data was analyzed using Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software (BORIS) and coded using an ethogram.
Study Results
Part I: Characteristics and Behaviours of LT Dogs
Long-term (LT) shelter dogs were more likely to be older (7.3 years vs. 3.1 years), larger, male, and belong to breeds classified as “dangerous”. They also exhibited more aggressive and high-arousal behaviors, were less sociable and trainable, and were more motivated and energetic. Morphological traits such as coat color and length did not differ significantly between groups.
Older age, larger size, and “dangerous breed” classifications reduce adoptability due to health concerns, higher maintenance costs, and negative stereotypes. Restrictions imposed by breed-specific legislation, such as ownership licenses, behavioral tests, and mandatory use of muzzles, deter potential adopters, even if these dogs do not exhibit problematic behavior. Behavioral issues, such as aggression and hyperactivity, further hinder rehoming efforts.
Part II: Shelter Dog Welfare Assessment
This section evaluates the impact of shelter stay length on dog behavior, welfare, and human interactions. While both long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) dogs showed similar levels of fearfulness and approachability toward humans, LT dogs were more likely to exhibit defensive or offensive aggression. Behaviorally, LT dogs rested more with their head up, circled and drank more during resting periods, and were more active (standing and vocalizing) during pre-feeding times. Despite meeting basic welfare standards, LT dogs displayed signs of heightened arousal and stress, such as disrupted resting patterns, increased alertness, and repetitive behaviors.
Future research is needed to further explore the complex interplay between shelter environments, dog behavior, and personality traits. A larger sample size and more nuanced assessments could provide deeper insights into the specific factors contributing to the challenges faced by long-term shelter dogs.
Conclusion
This study identified distinct characteristics that were more common in long-term shelter dogs. These dogs frequently exhibited behavioral problems related to aggression and high arousal, which can significantly reduce their chances of adoption. To proactively address the issue of long-term shelter stays, early identification and intervention are essential. Dogs exhibiting behavioral problems, such as aggression or high arousal, should be prioritized for behavior modification.
While the study did not find a negative impact on physical welfare, behavioral observations suggested that long-term shelter dogs may experience increased stress. To mitigate this, it is crucial to provide these dogs with a predictable environment, structured enrichment, and undisturbed rest periods to manage arousal levels.
Miscellaneous
Data From Study:
–
Year of Publication:
2021
External Link:
Raudies C, Waiblinger S, Arhant C. Characteristics and Welfare of Long-Term Shelter Dogs. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(1):194. Published 2021 Jan 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010194