Reducing Shelter Intake: Reasons for Intake

Data and facts about shelter intake and why owners give up their pets.

Jump to: Overview | Demographics | Acquisition Source | Owner Relinquishment Reasons | Deep-Dive

Highlights


Overview


Descriptive Demographics

Jump to: Multinational Trend During Pandemic | Online Purchase Demographics and Relinquishment

Large Scale Survey of Relinquishment During Pandemic

External link: 
Carroll GA, Torjussen A and Reeve C (2022) Companion animal adoption and relinquishment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Peri-pandemic pets at greatest risk of relinquishment. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:1017954. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1017954

Relinquisment and Considered Relinquishment, by Gender

Relinquishment StatusMale %
Considering Relinquishment65.0%
Already Relinquished72.2%
Overall (Considering or Already Relinquished)65.8%

Relinquisment and Considered Relinquishment, by Timing of Acquisition

Timing of Pet AcquisitionTotalNever Considered RelinquishmentConsidered
Relinquishment
Relinquished
More than 6 Months Before Pandemic85.8%87.1%62.5%52.4%
Within 6 months before the pandemic9.0%8.1%26.2%28.6%
During the Pandemic5.2%4.8%11.3%19.0%

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Impact of Online Purchase and Relinquishment During Pandemic

External link: 
Carroll GA, Torjussen A, Reeve C. Companion animal adoption and relinquishment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Households with children at greatest risk of relinquishing a cat or dog. Anim Welf. 2023;32:e56. Published 2023 Aug 18. https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2023.77

Relinquishment or Those Who Considered Relinquishment

  • Geographical Variation:
    • USA: 9.9%
    • Canada: 6.4%
    • Spain: 5.8%
    • Italy: 4.4%
    • UK: 3.0%
  • Demographic Factors:
    • Gender: Male participants had a 49.6% increased probability of relinquishment compared to females.
    • Age of Pet: For every one-year increase in pet age, there was a 91.5% decreased probability of relinquishment.
    • Household Composition:
      • Households with children were 4.6 times more likely to consider or have already relinquished a cat or dog compared to those from households without children
Demographic VariableConsidered Relinquishment (%)Never Consider Relinquishment (%)
Species
Cat41.747.9
Dog58.352.1
Gender
Male66.749.7
Female33.350.3
Dwelling type
House with garden65.656.3
House with no garden5.33.6
Apartment with garden17.215.1
Apartment with no garden11.925
Home ownership
Own58.369.6
Rent41.730.4
Children in the home
0 children35.170.1
1 child27.813.9
2 children32.511.9
3 or 4 children4.64.1
Adults in the home
1 adult7.912.9
2 adults4947.4
3 adults21.917
4 adults10.618.6
5 or more adults10.64.1
Other pets in the home
Yes43.740.2
No56.359.8
Martial status
Married/partner65.654.1
Single31.141.8
Seperated0.72.1
Divorced2.62.1
Education
Secondary school19.932.5
College/University degree5143.8
Master’s degree23.820.6
Doctoral degree21
Other professional graduate/PG degree3.32.1
Employment
Employed69.563.9
Not working14.614.9
Student22.1
Retired13.919.1
Illness
Mental5.37.2
Physical5.37.2
Reason for acquisition
Companionship9496.9
Use as a service animal5.30
Training/Competitions6.70.5
Working animal20
Other3.95.1

Related Data From Same Study (Acquisition Channels)

Research Summary | Back to Top


Acquisition Source

Jump to: Multinational Survey During Pandemic

Large Scale Survey of Relinquishment During Pandemic

External link: 
Carroll GA, Torjussen A and Reeve C (2022) Companion animal adoption and relinquishment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Peri-pandemic pets at greatest risk of relinquishment. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:1017954. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1017954

Source of Acquisition by Relinquishment Status

Source of AcquisitionNever Considered
Relinquishment (n=3,756)
Considered Relinquishment
(n=168)
Relinquished
(n=21)
Adopted from a shelter / organization31.224.419.0
Purchased from a breeder33.235.138.1
As a gift5.516.119.0
Directly from someone that needed to find a new home for their cat or dog19.815.59.5
Directly rom someone that was seeking temporary care for their cat or dog0.31.514.3
Found as a stray7.37.70.0
Other2.60.00.0

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Owner Relinquishment Reasons

Jump to: BC (Canada) Relinquishment (2008-2019) | Denmark Relinquishment (1996-2017) | Colordao (US) Relinqushment (2018-2023) | Multinational Trends During Pandemic | Texas (US) Intakes & Returns (2018)

BC SPCA Shelter Relinquishment Reasons (2008-2019)

External link: 
Kisley MA, Chung EJ, Levitt H. Investigating the Reasons behind Companion Animal Relinquishment: A Systematic Content Analysis of Shelter Records for Cats and Dogs, 2018–2023. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172606

Annual Intake

YearGuardian RelinquishOther IntakeGuardian Relinquish %Other Intake %
20083577780931%69%
20093505744132%68%
20103446720832%68%
20113261693632%68%
20123230598835%65%
20132644504334%66%
20142396511932%68%
20152382489033%67%
20162029448231%69%
20171919436331%69%
20181780402731%69%
20191911352535%65%
Characteristics of Dogs Entering the Shelter
CharacteristicsTotalWithin Category %Within Guardian Relinquished
Population % (n = 32,081)
Age group
Puppy8,48526.726.4
Young adult7,62224.023.7
Adult12,18938.437.9
Senior3,39410.710.5
Spay/neuter status
Yes21,22667.066.1
No10,44332.932.5
Asilomar accord category
Healthy2,91838.09.0
Treatable-rehabilitatable3,32143.210.3
Treatable-manageable1,10114.33.4
Unhealthy-untreatable3314.31.0
Dog size
Smaller7,78558.024.2
Larger5,62741.917.5
Dog sex
Female15,48048.448.2
Male16,47351.551.3
Breed
Suspected purebred1,0483.23.2
Mixed31,03396.796.7
Population center size
Small13,53942.242.2
Medium9,84630.730.6
Large8,67827.027.0

Primary Reasons for Relinquishment (Overall)

Reason for RelinquishmentTotalPercentage (%)
Too Many6,17919
Housing Issues5,30917
Personal Issues4,95515
Can’t Afford3,31110
Behavior3,21310
Guardian Health2,4498
No Longer Wanted1,1894
Animal Health1480.5
Animal Characteristics720.2
Community Dog50.01
Other3,77712

Relinquishment Risk Factors by Primary Reason

An odds ratio > 1 suggests an increased risk of relinquishment of that the characteristic category, while an odds ratio <1 suggests a reduced risk. Non-statistically significant results are excluded from the plot.

1. When Relinquished Because of “Too Many”
FactorOdds Ratio (OR)
Puppy (vs. Adult)7.47
Senior (vs. Adult)0.286
Smaller Dog (vs. Larger)1.28
Purebred (vs. Mixed)0.347
Small Population (vs. Large)7.04
Medium Population (vs. Large)3.72
Time (Yearly Increase)1.16
2. When Relinquished Because of Housing Issues
FactorOdds Ratio (OR)
Young Adult (vs. Adult)0.81
Puppy (vs. Adult)0.31
Senior (vs. Adult)1.27
Small Population (vs. Large)0.61
Treatable-Manageable (vs. Healthy)0.77
3. When Relinquished Because of Personal Issues
FactorOdds Ratio (OR)
Puppy (vs. Adult)0.52
Male (vs. Female)1.2
Treatable-Rehabilitatable (vs. Healthy)0.69
Treatable-Manageable (vs. Healthy)0.67
Unhealthy-Untreatable (vs. Healthy)0.43
Small Population (vs. Large)0.66
Medium Population (vs. Large)0.61
4. When Relinquished Because of Financial Issues
FactorOdds Ratio (OR)
Puppy (vs. Adult)1.76
Treatable-Rehabilitatable (vs. Healthy)3.5
Treatable-Manageable (vs. Healthy)4.38
Unhealthy-Untreatable (vs. Healthy)6.76
Small Population (vs. Large)0.72
Male (vs. Female)0.81
Time (Yearly Decrease)0.94
5. When Relinquished Because of Dog Behavior
FactorOdds Ratio (OR)
Puppy (vs. Adult)0.16
Senior (vs. Adult)0.55
Treatable-Rehabilitatable (vs. Healthy)0.67
Smaller Dog (vs. Larger)0.76
Time (Yearly Increase)1.34
6. When Relinquished Because of Guardian Health
FactorOdds Ratio (OR)
Puppy (vs. Adult)0.13
Young Adult (vs. Adult)0.47
Senior (vs. Adult)1.89
Small Population (vs. Large)0.65
Smaller Dog (vs. Larger)1.82

Neuter Status

Population Center SizeNumber Spayed/Neutered% Spayed/NeuteredNumber Spayed/Neutered (Age: 6 months+)% Spayed/Neutered
(Age: 6 months+)
Small8,19261%6,37370%
Medium6,56967%5,20474%
Large6,46174%5,46280%

Research Summary | Back to Top

Denmark Shelter Relinquishment Reasons (1996-2017)

External link: 
Jensen JBH, Sandøe P, Nielsen SS. Owner-Related Reasons Matter more than Behavioural Problems—A Study of Why Owners Relinquished Dogs and Cats to a Danish Animal Shelter from 1996 to 2017. Animals. 2020; 10(6):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061064

Reasons for Owner Relinquishment

Main FactorsDogs %Cats %Overall %First-Time Rel. %Returned %
Owner related7574758249
 Owner health2932313225
 Housing issues2126232616
 Lack of time14410115
 Lack of interest10111143
Animal related2526251851
 Behaviour2325241748
 Physical state0.50.80.70.42
 Other0.80.50.90.82

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Colorado Shelter Relinquishment Reasons (2018-2023)

External link: 
Kisley MA, Chung EJ, Levitt H. Investigating the Reasons behind Companion Animal Relinquishment: A Systematic Content Analysis of Shelter Records for Cats and Dogs, 2018–2023. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172606

I. Overall Relinquishment Reasons (2018-2023, Cats and Dogs Combined)

  • Primary Reasons:
    • Behavior Issues: 28% (most frequent)
    • Housing/Moving: 18%
    • Unable to Care: 16%
    • Too Many Pets: 10%
    • Financial: 6%
    • Owner Allergies: 5%
  • Specific Behavior Issues (among cases citing Behavior Issues as the primary reason):
    • Aggression: 32% (most frequent)
    • Social Conflict: 28%
    • Soiling: 13%
    • Too Energetic: 9%
    • Destructive Behaviors: 6%

II. Comparison of Relinquishment Reasons: Cats vs. Dogs (2018-2023)

  • Reasons Higher for Cats:
    • Too Many Pets: 16% (cats) vs. 4% (dogs)
    • Owner Allergies: 6% (cats) vs. 4% (dogs)
    • No Owner: 4% (cats) vs. 1% (dogs)
    • CKC Program: 3% (cats) vs. 0% (dogs)
  • Reasons Higher for Dogs:
    • Unable to Care: 19% (dogs) vs. 13% (cats)
    • Behavior Issues: 35% (dogs) vs. 21% (cats)
  • Specific Behavior Issues:
    • More frequent for cats:
      • Social Conflict: 37% (cats) vs 22% (dogs)
      • Soiling: 23% (cats) vs 7% (dogs)
    • More frequent for dogs:
      • Aggression: 35% (dogs) vs 26% (cats)
      • Too Energetic: 13% (dogs) vs 3% (cats)
      • Destructive Behaviors: 8% (dogs) vs 4% (cats)
      • Escape Behaviors: 7% (dogs) vs 1% (cats)

III. Relinquishment Reasons: First-Time vs. Return Animals (2018-2023, Cats and Dogs Combined)

  • Reasons Higher for Returned Animals:
    • Behavior Issues: 59% (return) vs. 22% (first)
    • Sick Animal: 4% (return) vs. 3% (first)
  • Reasons Lower for Returned Animals:
    • Housing/Moving: 8% (return) vs. 20% (first)
    • Unable to Care: 10% (return) vs. 17% (first)
    • Too Many Pets: 1% (return) vs. 12% (first)
    • Financial: 2% (return) vs. 7% (first)
    • No Owner: 1% (return) vs. 3% (first)
    • CKC Program: 0% (return) vs. 2% (first)
    • Specific behavior issue:
      • Soiling: 6% (return) vs 17% (first)

IV. Relinquishment Reason Trends Over Time (2018-2023, Cats and Dogs Combined)

  • Unable to Care:
    • 2022 (19%) and 2023 (20%) significantly higher than 2019 (11%).
  • Owner Allergies:
    • 2022 (3%) significantly lower than 2019 (8%).
  • Military-Related:
    • 2020 (0%) significantly lower than 2018 (3%) and 2023 (3%).
  • CKC Program:
    • 2022 (4%) and 2023 (3%) significantly higher than 2018 (0%), 2019 (0%), and 2020 (0%).

Research Summary | Back to Top

Large Scale Global Survey of Relinquishment During Pandemic

External link: 
Carroll GA, Torjussen A and Reeve C (2022) Companion animal adoption and relinquishment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Peri-pandemic pets at greatest risk of relinquishment. Front. Vet. Sci. 9:1017954. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1017954

Reasons for Considering or Actually Giving Up A Pet

Reason for considering or actually giving up a pet   Percentage (Sample size = 189)
Financial constraints have made it difficult to care for my cat or dog44.2
Health concerns specific to COVID-19 (e.g., fear of cat or dog transmitting the virus to yourself or family members)32.6
Behavioral concerns (e.g., house soiling, barking)30.9
Safety concerns (e.g., the animal is aggressive to myself or others) 21.5
I feel as though I have not had enough time to properly care for the cat or dog 17.7
Personal reasons (e.g., divorce, my partner does not like the animal)16.6
Health concerns (e.g., allergies)16.6
I have increased work hours due to being an essential worker during the COVID-19 pandemic16.6
I have moved house and could not bring my cat or dog8.3
Other7.2

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Texas Shelter Intake & Return

External link: 
Hawes SM, Kerrigan JM, Hupe T, Morris KN. Factors Informing the Return of Adopted Dogs and Cats to an Animal Shelter. Animals. 2020; 10(9):1573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091573

Reasons for Intake

ReasonsDogs (n = 1604)% of Dog SampleCats (n = 1292)% of Cat Sample
Medical29.6%29.5%
Medical needs of animal24915.5%34927.0%
Medical costs20.1%00.0%
Urgent medical382.4%141.1%
Parvovirus18611.6%00.0%
Panleukopenia00.0%181.4%
Behavioral9.2%5.9%
Aggressive toward animals271.7%30.2%
Aggressive toward humans372.3%30.2%
Destructive tendencies120.8%50.4%
Separation anxiety70.4%10.08%
Behavior/temperament70.4%50.4%
General behavioral support needed573.6%594.6%
Personal8.6%8.4%
Cannot afford basic care221.4%100.8%
Unrealistic expectations613.8%241.9%
Moving301.9%312.4%
Unwanted offspring of pet100.6%00.0%
Medical needs of pet owner60.4%141.1%
Allergies20.1%80.6%
Behavior/temperament of resident pet40.2%181.4%
Death of owner/family member40.2%20.2%
Other52.6%56.2%
Born in shelter care1056.5%292.2%
Stray with shelter’s microchip140.9%100.8%
Stray140.9%201.5%
Breed or species restrictions30.2%00.0%
Wellness10.06%00.0%
Bottle baby281.7%36728.4%
Pregnant/nursing865.4%1189.1%
Shelter space (Transer in) 59236.9%18414.2%

Related Data From Same Study (Reducing Adoption Returns)

Related Data From Same Study (Post-Adoption Management)

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Deep-Dive

Jump to : Housing | Social Vulnerability

Housing-Related Owner Relinquishment

Jump to : US (2019-2023)

Housing-Related Pet Relinquishment in the U.S. (2019-2023)

External link: 
Applebaum JW, Loney L, Horecka K and Graham TM (2024) Housing-related companion animal relinquishment across 21 animal shelters in the United States from 2019–2023. Front. Vet. Sci. 11:1430388. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1430388

I. Overall Housing-Related Intakes

  • A. Intake Subtypes:
    • Unspecified (53.7%)
    • Pet-related restrictions (27.3%)
    • Landlord-related (8.4%)
    • Loss of home (5.4%)
    • Unhoused individuals (5.2%)
  • B. Species and Size Distribution:
    • Large dogs (20%)
    • Small dogs (19%)
    • Medium dogs (17%)
    • Small cats (16%)
    • Medium cats (12%)
    • Large cats (7%)
  • C. Age Distribution:
    • Mean cat intake age: 1,085 days
    • Mean dog intake age: 1,271 days
    • Median cat intake age: 609 days
    • Median dog intake age: 749 days
  • D. Breed Distribution (Dogs):
    • Mixed breed (35%)
    • American Pit Bull Terriers (12%)
    • Chihuahuas (5%)
    • Labrador Retrievers (5%)
    • German Shepherds (4%)
  • E. Pit bull-Type Dogs 
    • Pit bull-type dogs (16% of all dogs)
    • Represent 12% of restriction-related intakes
    • Represent 27% of landlord-related intakes
  • F. Length of Stay:
    • Median length of stay: 6 days (no significant difference between cats and dogs)
    • Mean length of stay: Cats (17 days), Dogs (20 days)
    • Range of length of stay: 0-766 days 
    • 25% stayed for 2 days or less

II. Outcomes of Housing-Relinquished Animals

  • A. Overall Outcomes (All Animals):
TotalCatsDogs
Live Outcomes (95% of cases)
Adoption76%82%72%
Transfer out12%10%13%
Return to owner3%2%4%
Foster placement3%2%4%
Service and wildlife out1%<1%<1%
Non-Live Outcomes (5%)
Euthanasia4.5%3%6%
  • C. Outcomes by Breed (Pit Bull-Type Dogs vs. Other Breeds):
    • Adoption: 67% (vs. 73% other breeds)
    • Non-live outcome: 13% (vs. 5% other breeds)
    • Return to owner: 5% (vs. 4% other breeds) 
    • Foster placement: 6% (vs. 3% othe breeds) .
  • D. Outcome Odds (Factors Affecting Live Outcomes):
PredictorOdds Ratio
Intake Subtypes (ref = loss of home)
Unhoused owner0.87
Landlord issues1.74
Unspecified0.78
Length of stay (in days)1.00
Age quintiles (ref = Q1)
Q2, 8 months-1.44 years0.32
Q3, 1.44-2.89 years0.21
Q4, 2.90-5.22 years0.18
Q5, 5.23-23.02 years0.18
Pit bull-type dog0.37

III. Trends Over Time

  • A. Intake Subtypes:
    • Increase in loss of home intakes.
    • Decrease in pet restriction and landlord-related intakes.
    • No significant change in unhoused or unspecified intakes.
  • B. Overall Live Outcomes:
    • Decrease in live outcomes.
  • C. Geographic Trends:
    • No significant change in east/west intake rates.
    • Shift in intake frequencies from south to north.
  • D. Species and Size Trends:
    • Increase in cat intakes.
    • Decrease in dog intakes.
    • Decreasing large dog intake rate (faster rate).
    • Decreasing small dog intake rate (slower rate).
    • Slight decrease in medium dog intake rate (not significant).
  • E. Breed and Demographic Trends:
    • Decrease in pit bull-type dog intakes.
    • Decrease in average animal weight.
    • Decrease in average animal age.

Research Summary | Back to Top

Social Vulnerability & Intake, Outcome

External link: 
Neal SM, Kremer T. Examining the Relationship Between Social Vulnerability and Animal Shelter Intakes and Outcomes: Patterns and Implications. Animals. 2024; 14(22):3166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223166

Intake and Outcome by Social Vulnerability

Social Vulnerability QuintileIntake per 1000 householdsAdoption per 1000 households
1911
21312
31812
43614
56114
Quintile 1 is the least socially vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable.

Breakdown by Intake Source

Intake from Social Vulnerability QuintileBreakdown by Intake Source
Social Vulnerability QuintileOverallOwner Surrender / ReturnSeized / CustodyStray
18.0%11.9%4.6%6.8%
28.7%11.1%5.9%8.1%
311.9%14.4%9.8%11.1%
424.5%25.5%27.9%23.5%
546.9%37.1%51.8%50.6%
Quintile 1 is the least vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable. (n = 42,291 animals)
Adoptions to Social Vulnerability QuintileBreakdown by Intake Source
Social Vulnerability QuintileOverallOwner Surrender / ReturnSeized / CustodyStray
119.2%20.6%25.3%17.4%
217.6%18.8%21.1%16.4%
317.4%18.3%18.4%16.8%
420.1%20.3%19.8%20.0%
525.6%22.0%15.4%29.3%
Quintile 1 is the least vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable. (n = 42,291 animals)

Breakdown by Social Vulnerability Index Themes

Intake by Social Vulnerability QuintileBreakdown by SVI themes
Social Vulnerability QuintileOverallHousehold CharacteristicsHousing Type & TransportationRacial & Ethnic Minority StatusSocioeconomic
Status
18.0%12.7%12.2%4.2%7.6%
28.7%10.0%18.7%9.7%7.3%
311.9%15.0%25.7%13.3%13.0%
424.5%19.8%22.8%20.8%21.6%
546.9%42.4%20.6%52.0%50.6%
Quintile 1 is the least vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable. (n = 42,291 animals)
Adoptions to Social Vulnerability QuintileBreakdown by SVI themes
Social Vulnerability QuintileOverallHousehold CharacteristicsHousing Type & TransportationRacial & Ethnic Minority StatusSocioeconomic
Status
119.2%21.5%20.1%12.2%19.2%
217.6%15.3%21.2%22.1%15.9%
317.4%18.6%22.5%20.7%17.9%
420.1%18.8%19.8%16.0%19.7%
525.6%25.8%16.4%28.9%27.2%
Quintile 1 is the least vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable. (n = 42,291 animals)

Breakdown by Animal Type

Intake by Social Vulnerability QuintileBreakdown by Animal Type
Social Vulnerability QuintileOverallCat AdultCat YouthDog AdultDog Youth
18.0%8.9%7.7%8.9%3.9%
28.7%9.2%8.6%9.6%5.1%
311.9%13.%11.1%12.8%8.0%
424.5%28.5%25.5%24.2%21.0%
546.9%42.0%47.2%44.5%61.9%
Quintile 1 is the least vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable. (n = 42,291 animals, with 85,11 cat adults, 10,520 cat youth, 17,814 dog adults and 5,446 dog youths)
Adoptions to Social Vulnerability QuintileBreakdown by Animal Type
Social Vulnerability QuintileOverallCat AdultCat YouthDog AdultDog Youth
119.2%18.2%19.0%21.0%15.4%
217.6%17.7%17.2%19.1%13.6%
317.4%18.6%15.9%18.6%14.8%
420.1%21.6%19.6%19.7%19.7%
525.6%24.0%28.3%21.5%36.6%
Quintile 1 is the least vulnerable and 5 is the most vulnerable. (n = 42,291 animals, with 85,11 cat adults, 10,520 cat youth, 17,814 dog adults and 5,446 dog youths)

Intake Reason and Outcome by Quintile

Intake ReasonQuintile 1Quintile 2Quintile 3Quintile 4Quintile 5
Preferences / Time30.1%25.5%24.2%27.1%22.5%
Permanent Change7.6%8.9%7.8%6%7.7%
Medical5.3%8.2%8.6%12.4%14%
Housing15%15.8%19.7%22.8%25%
Cost11.7%11.4%15.5%16.3%17.2%
Behaviour30.3%30.2%24.3%15.4%13.4%
OutcomeQuintile 1Quintile 2Quintile 3Quintile 4Quintile 5
Transferred Out12.7%19.2%17.5%20.6%28.3%
Return to Owner16.4%14.9%15.6%13.1%10.4%
Euthanasia10.2%10.9%12.5%13.1%13.5%
Adopted60.7%55%54.3%53.3%47.8%

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